Woman enabled

Ultrasound scan level 11

Cranial- defects– microcephaly, anencephaly, hydrocephalous, inencephaly, encephalocele.

cerebellar tumors, cysts, hemorrhage

Neck- cystic hygroma, thyroid swelling,

Chest- lung cysts, diaphragmatic hernia, hypoplastic lungs, tumors,

Cardiac defects– Aortic septal defect, ventricular septal defect, Transposition of the great arteries, Ebstein’s anomaly, pulmonary hypertension, cardiomegaly, Patent ductus arteriosus.

Liver– mass, cyst, hemorrhage, tumor, abnormal vasculature.

Gall bladder

spleen

Renal- agenesis, polycystic kidneys, hydronephrosis, pelvic calyceal dilatation and hydroureter.

Ascitis and hydrops

Neural tube defects

Anencephaly, microcephaly, hydrocephalous, spina bifida, inencephaly, encephalocele

Abdominal wall defects

Many types anterior abdominal wall defects, omphalocele, gastroschisis intestinal obstruction, duodenal atresia, renal cysts, polycystic kidney. absent kidney, renal agenesis, hydronephrosis and hydroureter

Ambigous gentalia,

Limb defects– short, abnormal twisted, dwarfism,

Renal defects- absent kidney, polycystic kidney or horseshoe kidney , kidney with calyceal system defects, kidney tumors or stones with hydrometers are some of the defects encountered.

Hands and feet defects like absent or multiple digits or club feet are easily identified with an ultrasound including the use of a 3D or 4 D scan. A Simian crease too can be seen to indicate a Down’s syndrome along with other markers.